概覽
2024，九月
Advances in noise source localization for environmental noise measurements
Using 3D sound intensity probes for greater precision and efficiency in noise monitoring
For more than forty years, environmental noise assessment has involved recording time history data and tagging events either manually or using software. Recent technological advances have introduced methods that improve the accuracy and efficiency of this process. One important development is the use of a 3D sound intensity probe to determine the azimuth and height of noise events with high precision. This approach is particularly effective in free-field conditions and minimizes the need for extensive post-processing. The accuracy and validity of the measurements depend on the specific characteristics of the sound field. Research shows that valid measurements can be obtained when a predominant noise source is present.
Authors: Aflalo, Erik; Hupp, Thomas
Inter-Noise 2024
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2023，三月
從不校準(zhǔn)？你是認(rèn)真的嗎？
定期校準(zhǔn)測試設(shè)備經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為是一項(xiàng)不必要的工作，它也因此常被人們忽略。很多時(shí)候，人們可能并未完全理解校準(zhǔn)的概念、目的和重要性。本文將闡明這些問題，并為你解釋一些術(shù)語和定義。文中還通過校準(zhǔn)金字塔的模型來說明什么是可追溯性。此外，通過一些最佳實(shí)踐范例，文章將直觀展示如何校準(zhǔn)音頻和聲學(xué)測試設(shè)備。
譯者：胥勇，劉蘇棟
作者：Schmidle, Gregor
ISEAT 2023
2020, November
What defines a Sound Level Meter in the US has changed.
ANSI/ASA S1.4 equals IEC 61672. Understanding the differences.
What had been previously described as “The Atlantic Divide” in sound level meters (SLM) is gone. With the adoption of ANSI/ASA S1.4 (all three parts) from IEC 61672 (all three parts) in July 2014, the harmonization of the ANSI and ISO standard for Sound Level Meters is complete. Users of SLMs do not need to be expert in the details. However, a good understanding of the new regulation is needed if measurement results are ever challenged. We will review the new regulation from an end-user’s view. We will describe what documentation verifies that a Class 1 sound level meter fulfills ANSI/ASA S1.4. Each part of ANSI/ASA S1.4/IEC 61672 has its intended audience from the SLM designer/manufacturer, accreditation body, to the calibration laboratory.
Author: MacMillan, Brian; Nigsch, Berno
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2019，十月
麥克風(fēng)產(chǎn)線終端測試的挑戰(zhàn)和最佳范例
近年來，各類系統(tǒng)中麥克風(fēng)的應(yīng)用增長迅猛。輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)，智能音箱或含語音控制功能的消費(fèi)類產(chǎn)品都只是推動(dòng)麥克風(fēng)需求增長的冰山一角。和這一需求共同擴(kuò)大的，就是對快速可靠的麥克風(fēng)工業(yè)級(jí)產(chǎn)線終端測試系統(tǒng)的要求。本文將介紹如何計(jì)劃，實(shí)施和維護(hù)麥克風(fēng)產(chǎn)線終端測試系統(tǒng)的最佳范例。
文中還討論了不同類型麥克風(fēng)對測試系統(tǒng)的要求。以及麥克風(fēng)信號(hào)的各類特殊格式，如 MEMS 麥克風(fēng)的 PDM 格式或車載麥克風(fēng)的 A2B 格式等。
譯者：胥勇，劉蘇棟
作者：Schmidle, Gregor; Beach, Mark; MacMillan, Brian
ISEAT 2019*
2018, October
Challenges and Best Practices for Microphone End-of-Line Testing
Due to the increasing use of microphones in many applications such as automotive or artificial intelligence, the demand for fast and reliable microphone test processes is growing. This paper covers various aspects of the design of an end-of-line microphone test system. A prevailing challenge is to properly control the sound source, as loudspeakers have a tendency to vary their performance due to many influences. The acoustic environment for the test must provide reproducible conditions and is ideally anechoic. Noise from outside must be damped across the measurement bandwidth, so that it doesn’t affect the results. Different testing requirements for various types of microphones are shown. Different methods for defining limit criteria are discussed.
Author: Schmidle, Gregor; Beach, Mark; MacMillan, Brian
AES Paper Number 10096
2017，十月
高端音頻系統(tǒng)的客觀測試
高端音頻設(shè)備市場被各種非凡的產(chǎn)品占領(lǐng)著。盡管它們的用料與工程技術(shù)通常都是最好的，但對這些系統(tǒng)的品質(zhì)管控卻往往只是主觀的聽感而非客觀的測試。本文介紹了如何在高端音頻系統(tǒng)的整個(gè)生命周期（研發(fā)，品控，安裝和維修）對其進(jìn)行高效品質(zhì)測量的最佳實(shí)踐范例。
譯者：胥勇，劉蘇棟
作者：Schmidle, Gregor; K?ck, Gerd; MacMillan, Brian
ISEAT 2017
2017, June
EOL Testing of Acoustic Devices
A Truly Multidisciplinary Task
This article describes the challenges of keeping up yield and quality in a high-volume acoustic device production environment. It highlights several aspects such as limit definition, test jig design, data handling, system replication, system maintenance and many more.
Author: Schmidle, Gregor
2017 Loudspeaker Industry Sourcebook, page 32-36
2016，五月
環(huán)境噪聲評價(jià)與方法
惱人的噪聲不僅不利于人們溝通交流，還容易讓人產(chǎn)生疲勞，甚至?xí)ιa(chǎn)效率和安全造成不利的影響，因此必須有量化噪聲的方法來解決此類噪聲帶來的影響或問題。不同房間，地點(diǎn)，法規(guī)和應(yīng)用可能會(huì)規(guī)定不同的噪聲等級(jí)。大多數(shù)情況下，噪聲不應(yīng)對該房間的實(shí)際用途造成影響，如辦公室內(nèi)的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)噪聲不能對打電話或交談產(chǎn)生影響，但在另外一種情況下，可能會(huì)故意制造噪音以保護(hù)私人談話的隱私，因此我們需要對噪聲進(jìn)行一個(gè)評價(jià)量化。
作者：咸愛清
《環(huán)境工程》2016 年 5 月增刊
2016，三月
純音測試系統(tǒng)的瞬態(tài)分析技術(shù)
PureSoundTM?純音測試系統(tǒng)的瞬態(tài)分析技術(shù)為完全創(chuàng)新的以量測信號(hào)位準(zhǔn)瞬間上升與下降的斜率以及幅度為方法，來檢測音頻信號(hào)所附帶的異音，以 Steepness 值和 Pa/s 單位表示其幅度。 PureSoundTM?純音測試系統(tǒng)連續(xù)地將信號(hào)微分和整流了并計(jì)算出 Steepness 值，可以檢測出時(shí)域信號(hào)很小的變動(dòng)，亦即檢測微小但又困擾人的異音。 要激發(fā)待測揚(yáng)聲器進(jìn)行異音檢測，必須用連續(xù)的 Chirp（Gliding Sweep，滑頻）信號(hào)，滑頻信號(hào)是唯一能夠涵蓋可能產(chǎn)生異音所有頻點(diǎn)進(jìn)行檢測的方式。 它的必要性是因?yàn)楫愐羰д嫱ǔＪ窃诜浅Ｕ膫€(gè)別共振頻點(diǎn)，因此不能像掃頻信號(hào)那樣會(huì)漏掉任何可能產(chǎn)生異音失真的頻點(diǎn)。 NTi Audio AG 推出 RT-Speaker 揚(yáng)聲器測試系統(tǒng)， 與 RT-Microphone 傳聲器測試系統(tǒng)：1）RT-Speaker：分析揚(yáng)聲器受話器，耳機(jī)等因非線性產(chǎn)生的異音；2）RT-Microphone：瞬態(tài)分析技術(shù)也被應(yīng)用測量傳聲器所產(chǎn)生非線性瞬態(tài)失真。
譯者：胥勇
作者：柏諾.尼奇
《電聲技術(shù)》2016 年第 40 卷第 2 期
2015，十一月
風(fēng)力發(fā)電站環(huán)境噪聲特性與評價(jià)
風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組由于旋轉(zhuǎn)的風(fēng)機(jī)葉片和空氣的摩擦聲所產(chǎn)生的噪聲污染對一定范圍內(nèi)的敏感區(qū)群眾的生理與心理都將產(chǎn)生不利的影響，因此我們需要對風(fēng)力發(fā)電站噪聲環(huán)境進(jìn)行研究與評估。本文通過對對澳大利亞堪培拉附近的風(fēng)電站附近的居民區(qū)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的噪聲評估：使用了專業(yè)的環(huán)境噪聲自動(dòng)監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，基于IEC 61400-11:2002風(fēng)力渦輪發(fā)電系統(tǒng)--第11部分:噪聲測量技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（對應(yīng) GB/T 22516-2008 ），最終得到了詳實(shí)的測量數(shù)據(jù)，并對風(fēng)電站的環(huán)境噪聲測量數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了較為詳實(shí)的技術(shù)分析。這不僅有助于保障人民群眾的健康需求，對企業(yè)完善風(fēng)電機(jī)組的噪聲控制更具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
作者：咸愛清
《環(huán)境工程》2015 年 5 月第 33 卷
2015，十月
一個(gè)復(fù)雜的安全性至關(guān)重要的公共廣播系統(tǒng)的為定時(shí)檢測所進(jìn)行的改造
本文說明了一個(gè)廣播系統(tǒng)工程的改進(jìn)中的完全自動(dòng)化的操作規(guī)程的注意事項(xiàng)和實(shí)現(xiàn)，這是一個(gè)安全至關(guān)重要的環(huán)境（一個(gè)核電站）里的工程。系統(tǒng)中有超過4000個(gè)揚(yáng)聲器，有大約200個(gè)放大器以及各種報(bào)警信號(hào)發(fā)生器等，需要每天在幾分鐘內(nèi)作檢測。另外，要采用一個(gè)半自動(dòng)化的規(guī)程來檢查所有的指揮間里的傳聲器。改進(jìn)規(guī)程已設(shè)計(jì)好而且成型，不僅可有效地檢測到任一個(gè)失效的組件，而且不會(huì)發(fā)出任何錯(cuò)誤的報(bào)警信號(hào)。
譯者：胥勇，劉蘇棟
作者：Schmidle, Gregor; Schwizer, Philipp; H?ns, Winfried
ISEAT 2015
2015，一月
一種用于線陣列系統(tǒng)極性測試的可靠方法
一組線陣列系統(tǒng)的性能在很大程度上取決于其揚(yáng)聲器的正確安裝。例如，一個(gè)極性錯(cuò)誤的單體揚(yáng)聲器可能會(huì)明顯地影響整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的聲壓和指向性。然而，這種錯(cuò)誤的鑒定非常耗時(shí)。因此，這就需要一種快速，同時(shí)又可靠的方法來找出這樣的線陣元素。介紹了一種怎樣一步一步來檢查一個(gè)完整的線陣列系統(tǒng)的方法，同時(shí)，還能找出引起極性問題的原因。除了理論背景，還描述了一個(gè)實(shí)際應(yīng)用的成功案例。
作者：史密特.葛瑞格，馬庫斯.貝克爾，咸愛清
《電聲技術(shù)》2014 年第 38 卷第 12 期
2014, October
Retrofitting a complex, safety-critical PA system for periodic testing
The paper describes considerations and the implementation of retrofitting a fully-automated procedure, for testing a public address system, into a safety-critical environment (a nuclear power plant). There are over 4000 loudspeakers, about 200 amplifiers as well as various alarm-signal generators that need to be tested every day within a few minutes. Additionally, all command room microphones are checked using a semi-automated procedure. The procedures were designed and configured to not only reliably detect single defective components, but also to not produce any false alarms.
Authors: Schmidle, Gregor; Schwizer, Philipp; H?ns, Winfried
AES Paper Number 9117
2014，九月
擴(kuò)聲系統(tǒng)語言傳輸指數(shù) STIPA 論述
語音的清晰度程度是音質(zhì)評價(jià)的重要指標(biāo)，其可以反映廳堂或擴(kuò)聲系統(tǒng)的聲音傳輸質(zhì)量，是評價(jià)語言傳輸系統(tǒng)工作質(zhì)量的重要參考量。人們可以通過實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法來測量，也可以借助傳輸系統(tǒng)的物理特性來預(yù)測。本文介紹了語言的清晰度指標(biāo)的由來，相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與重要性，測試方法，測試原理以及測量結(jié)果的評價(jià)。
作者：咸愛清
《電聲技術(shù)》2014 年第 38 卷 第 8 期
2013，十月
揚(yáng)聲器量產(chǎn)保證品質(zhì)與產(chǎn)量的在線測試觀念
管理高產(chǎn)量，多產(chǎn)線與場所的揚(yáng)聲器生產(chǎn)是一種需要多方面技術(shù)的挑戰(zhàn)性任務(wù)。本文提供設(shè)計(jì)及維護(hù)在線測試系統(tǒng)的觀念有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)維持一致的產(chǎn)出與質(zhì)量。涵蓋的主題包括聲學(xué)與電氣測試參數(shù)選擇，機(jī)械測試治具設(shè)計(jì)，限度評定策略，容錯(cuò)工作流程建立，測試系統(tǒng)校準(zhǔn)，環(huán)境影響處理及運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)與統(tǒng)計(jì)工程控制。
譯者：胥勇
作者：史密特.葛瑞格
ISEAT 2013
2013, October
End-of-line Test concepts to achieve and maintain yield and quality in high volume loudspeaker production
Managing high volume, multiple line and location loudspeaker production is a challenging task that requires interdisciplinary skills. This paper offers concepts for designing and maintaining end-of-line test systems that help to achieve and maintain consistent yield and quality. Topics covered include acoustic and electrical test parameter selection, mechanical test jig design, limit finding strategies, fault-tolerant workflow creation, test system calibration and environmental influence handling as well as utilizing statistics and statistic process control.
Author: Schmidle, Gregor
AES Paper Number 8990
2012, October
Overview and Comparison of and Guide to Audio Measurement Methods
Modern audio analyzers offer a large number of measurement functions using various measurement methods. This paper categorizes measurement methods from several perspectives. The underlying signal processing concepts, as well as strengths and weaknesses of the most popular methods are listed and assessed for various aspects. The reader is offered guidance for choosing the optimal measurement method based on the specific requirements and application.
Authors: Schmidle, Gregor; Zanatta, Danilo
AES Paper Number 8705
2011，十月
系統(tǒng)性定義揚(yáng)聲器生產(chǎn)允差框線的方法
一個(gè)典型的揚(yáng)聲器最終測試需要測量包含10 個(gè)或者更多的參數(shù)，每個(gè)參數(shù)都有其對應(yīng)的允差來判定揚(yáng)聲器是否通過測試，進(jìn)而影響產(chǎn)線的合格率。本文介紹了工業(yè)上常用允差計(jì)算方法和步驟，并為選擇正確的允差方案來實(shí)現(xiàn)合格率、質(zhì)量以及產(chǎn)量的最大化，提供了系統(tǒng)的指導(dǎo)。
作者：史密特.葛瑞格
ISEAT 2011
2011, October
A Systematic Approach to Measurement Limit Definitions in Loudspeaker Production
A typical end-of-line loudspeaker test comprises ten or more different parameters tested. Each parameter has its own pass/fail limits contributing to the overall test result of the loudspeaker and therefore to the yield of the production line. This paper gives a comprehensive overview about commonly used limit calculation methods and procedures in the industry. It also delivers systematic guidance for choosing the right limit scheme for maximizing yield, quality and throughput.
Author: Schmidle, Gregor
AES Paper Number 8472
2010, November
A Reliable Procedure for Polarity Measurements on Line Arrays
The performance of a line array strongly depends on the correct installation of its loudspeakers. For instance, a single speaker with incorrect polarity may clearly compromise the sound level and directivity of the whole system. The identification of such errors however can be very time consuming. Therefore, it is desirable to have a fast, yet reliable procedure to finding such array elements. This paper presents a step-by-step method to check the integrity of a line array, and to find the cause in case of a polarity problem. Besides the theoretical background, a successful practical case is described.
Authors: Becker, Markus; Schmidle, Gregor
AES Paper Number 8156
2009, October
Design Optimizations for a High Performance Handheld Audio Analyzer
All types of advanced mobile devices share certain design challenges. For example, they must incorporate a powerful-enough embedded processor system to support a full featured easy-to-use human interface at low power consumption. But designing a multi-function handheld audio analyzer then adds even more unique challenges based upon further professional requirements. These include extremely low measurement noise floor, safely and precisely handle wide voltage measurement range (absolute and dynamic), compatibility with measurement microphones and other input sources, adherence to a wide variety of necessary international and industry standards for measurement. Additional requirements include the efficient display of complex data onto a restricted size display, and efficient and safe operation in many different locations and physical environments. These place further design burdens on the user interface and the instrument package, respectively.
Author: Becker, Markus
AES Paper Number 7908